fix(proto): check integer conversions in common options and constraints

[buraksenn]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes Proto decode silently truncates limits and sizes to usize on 32-bit targets #24170.
• Follow-up to fix(proto): check plan integer conversions across usize boundaries #24483.

Rationale for this change

#24483 added checked integer conversions across logical and physical plan serialization. Common protobuf conversions for file-format options and constraints still used unchecked casts, allowing oversized values to silently truncate on 32-bit targets.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Apply the checked conversion helper from fix(proto): check plan integer conversions across usize boundaries #24483 to common options and constraints.
• Make affected conversions fallible, propagating errors instead of truncating or panicking.
• Update conversion coverage and the 56.0.0 upgrade guide.

The protobuf wire format is unchanged.

Are these changes tested?

Yes. Existing option round-trip tests pass, and tests cover the fallible public conversion contracts and malformed constraints.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Oversized protobuf values now return an error instead of silently truncating.

Some public From conversions are now TryFrom, so downstream callers must handle the resulting error. This migration is documented in the 56.0.0 upgrade guide.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 65.62500% with 55 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 81.44%. Comparing base (2a7a1e3) to head (ed0facc).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
datafusion/proto-common/src/from_proto/mod.rs	69.23%	7 Missing and 21 partials ⚠️
datafusion/proto-models/src/from_proto.rs	63.63%	4 Missing and 20 partials ⚠️
datafusion/proto/src/logical_plan/file_formats.rs	0.00%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
datafusion/proto/src/logical_plan/mod.rs	0.00%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #24726      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.44%   81.44%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1120     1120              
  Lines      401605   401871     +266     
  Branches   401605   401871     +266     
==========================================
+ Hits       327098   327287     +189     
- Misses      55348    55366      +18     
- Partials    19159    19218      +59     

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